Os x networking setup

The varieties of Linux inhibit a comprehensive list here other than Debian systems. Both Debian and Ubuntu systems get the --enable-debian flag.

Other systems like SUSE get a different one -- see the netatalk manual page ; or type. Here are some additional flags which may be needed depending on the case at hand:. Examine the Summary for anything strange, then enter the next two commands these can be made "silent" so there is no output, see man make for details about the -s flag :. Enter the appropriate password as requested. Gasp in amazement at the nerdy printout.

Once that is done, we have a couple of configuration files will need to be edited with a text editor. First type the following command in Terminal:. If any blank documents show up instead of ones with text like as shown to the right, then the command or path is most likely incorrect. Don't save the document, quit and recheck the command. For Netatalk 2. Save changes, then close and follow up with the next command is to edit the shared folders:.

This file describes which local folders are shared. Basically this makes two shares available: the user's Home folder and the Downloads folder.

Obviously the individual user can choose how to set these shares up to share pretty much any folder, but the "Downloads" folder is used for demonstration purposes. Close the file, saving changes. An example would be something like the following:.

Obviously the folders will have to be created with mkdir along with chmod and all that, but advanced users who are reading this should have no difficulties understanding what to do and how to do it. In this case, this file will have to be manually changed and Netatalk restarted if a different disc is inserted:.

Users with Mac OS System versions prior to 7. Also it was noted that S3. UAMs means User Authentication Modules, part of AppleTalk user identification The -nosavepassword flag forbids clients from storing the password on their systems for faster access or auto-mounting and thusly a security hole; feel free to omit it for basic home LANs.

Now, since the entire setup will be over Ethernet although using the wireless port is perfectly possible , the primary interface "callsign" for the port must be discovered.

Note the interfaces active: there are usually three on a modern computer, wlan0 wireless interface , eth0 Ethernet port , and lo loopback interface for localhost at Sometimes the eth0 can be replaced by eth1 or en1 depending on the system along with wlan1 , et cetera. We tell Netatalk what interface for the service by editing one last configuration file, which is the atalkd. Scroll to the bottom and place the following at the bottom, replacing eth0 that's a zero with the appropriate networking identifier if it is not eth To set up Netatalk with various zones, read this page for zone configuration.

Don't bother with zones unless a really big network is in use. If not, there is a problem somewhere in the config files or the. If any changes are applied to any of the configuration files while Netatalk was running, use the previous command but replace start with restart to update the changes.

The service must be started each time the computer is booted, to establish this automatically, use this command unconfirmed for this application, advanced users will probably just make a cron job :. Now the server is available to clients it cannot access other servers. Click the "Auto eth0" or "Auto eth1" interface, then click Edit. From this window, click the IPv4 tab, then Address field can be edited to set up either a manual address like At this point, vintage machines should be able to detect the Netatalk service in the Chooser.

Then edit the afpd. Note: Only use Guest accounts for special purposes because of the fairly serious security weakness. The log feature can also be enabled during the. Thanks go out to protocol7 at 68kmla. Another nod to this page here for supplemental hints. This software is meant to access AFP servers from Linux systems. The computer could be detected and shares listed, but no one share could be mounted. Otherwise, for the more adventurous Linux types, feel free to head out and test it out, although many users have reported issues with the software.

The Cydia version of Netatalk at the time of testing is 2. Thus, the minimum OS to mount this share is 7.

As this package can only be installed on jailbroken devices, this section will only cover the Netatalk element. Detailed tutorials elsewhere on the web can demonstrate how to jailbreak with software like redsn0w, limera1n and other utilities.

Once the Cydia package manager is available, search for "Netatalk" with the search function. Install it, then restart Springboard or "Respring" , assuming the useful SBSettings package is installed: if not, just reboot the unit. At this present time it is not known whether this service will work over cellular data, although there are a few jailbreak programs that can fake WiFi access to cellular-denied apps.

Now for Classic OS systems and earlier, assuming they have already been configured as demonstrated in the earlier systems, the Netatalk share can be access either in the Chooser with the "Server IP Address" button, which can be used to connect to a non-standard AFP port, such as The root and home directories are available to be accessed once mounted.

For users who have not changed the root and mobile passwords highly recommended, install MobileTerminal to do so, instructions are on Cydia the default passwords for both root and mobile are alpine. The mobile account cannot be logged into -- use the root account.

This likely happens because AppleShare is unable to load correctly. Turn the machine off manually, hold down Shift while rebooting until "Extensions Disabled" appears.

This can also happen if the Installer is not used to install AppleShare, in which case the system will bomb. If the problem persists, reinstall AppleShare. The extensions are usually loaded in a special sequence, usually alphabetically although there are characters like "space" that come before the A thru Z , and barring any extension managers, A is usually first up -- in this case, AppleShare. Usually if a computer cannot be detected the "Server IP Address" method won't work.

Only applies to 7. If it still doesn't work, recheck the configuration on both sides, reboot all computers or try FTP. No solution for this issue has been found yet. It could relate to the auto-disconnect feature in OS X, however the author still encounters this issue even when it is off. However, this did not happen when the author used a router as a gateway.

There could be a hidden anomaly caused by using cross-over cables. Try rebooting the target computer. Attempt once again. If that fails, try disabling the built-in firewall and unchecking any boxes in the "Advanced The author would also encounter this occasionally under Also, it has been noted that while logging into a There are a number of reasons why this occurs.

The dialog can be a source of intense frustration because it doesn't offer any clues as to the reason why. Try reading this Apple KB for ideas. Although FTP client software has changed dramatically over the years, the networking protocol itself has actually changed very little since its introduction in the early s. That is why it makes a such good choice for online and LAN cross-platform networking. There are two sides, a client and a server; the client needs a client application to access the server, and the server itself which likewise requires FTP server software to facilitate the connection two clients can't talk to each other, neither can two servers.

The client can PUT transfer files from itself to the server or GET pull files from the server , depending on permissions. This entire section will presume the connection method is over Ethernet. The section here talks in detail about the methods to safely encode files with BinHex or MacBinary methods.

See this page for more on this. The image to the right was corrupted by reason of the wrong encoding technique, likely ASCII when it was supposed to be Binary. Compare to what happens when a floppy starts going bad. For this section, we'll be operating under the assumption that the Ethernet network has already been configured and wired up if not, then see the Client Access section below for some basic instructions. To begin, start by starting the Server software, then head to the client and start it up to initiate the file transfer process.

Third-party applications can bridge the gap for platforms that lack this easy option. But let's take a look at some of the server options available to us. It requires a minimum of System 7. It can be found along with a variety of other FTP client and server applications here.

DHCP settings are fine as long as it has been assigned an IP address already because it can't work without one. Notice in the last image, how the last line of NetPresenz starting up shows the IP address it is running on. This is useful for running with DHCP settings. This is a rather troubled child which sometimes can have rather sporadic reliability. The author noted spotty client access from other client computers, though for System 6 there aren't too many alternatives.

It is very easy to set up and enable the server, although for System 7, NetPresenz is a much more reliable program. If it works -- great: if not, move on. Other internet denizens have reported similar results. This program wants an IP address assignment before it will start up correctly. From that point, go to the Edit menu, then the Preferences sub-menu. Set up the user account in the "FTP Users" prompt first, by filling in the password and default directory.

Finally, turn on the server in the "FTP Server" selection. All in all, pretty simple, but not renown for reliability. See the Telnet section for additional discussion about this feature. Version 2. Rumpus Pro 1. Actually it's supposed expire on September 30th, , barring a valid registration credentials, but if it is downloaded from the right source Macintosh Garden , there should be a Rumpus Pro 1. Unlike version 3. It is nice and easy to get going. Something for Linux to aspire to.

There are only three windows to worry about: Configuration, Monitor and Define Users, all from the File menu. Choose Configuration, and from the Basic tab, the FTP root directory can be changed and the Security tab determines how secure the server is supposed to be with some checkboxes and radio buttons.

The remaining tabs in the Configuration window can be passed on for a basic home LAN. As long as the program is open, the FTP server is active and can be connected by any usual client. Rumpus 3. It is set to expire on June 30th, It is however on the professional class of FTP server software and has plenty of features and configuration options.

Compared to Rumpus 1. It adds the following: web admin, web server, puts the User management into high gear with more options read: restrictions and limits , has folder sets, can block IPs, can manage suffixes i. It looks pretty much the same as version 1.

The reason this software is mentioned here is because it can share a non-logical volume, like a mounted AFP volume, such as an EasyShare server running off an HFS floppy disk.

But because it requires a proper registration process it's still commercial software and the included help documentation is easy to follow, there's not much more to say. For OS X In OS X Click the "Sharing files using FTP" button. Information for this procedure was gleaned from this link.

A little more difficult than simply pressing a button in System Preferences, but that is the way it is. Windows Server will be demonstrated in this case. This option is also available under Windows Professional, and Advanced Server, as seen here ; Windows XP has it as well, though Windows 98 Second Edition does not have this feature. Then click OK and then follow up with Next to install it: the installation CD will most likely be required. Right click the "Default FTP Site", and from there it can initiated or terminated, or additional options can be seen with the Properties link.

The Server can also be started or stopped from the Component Services app in Administrative Tools, off the Start menu. Under Identification shown in the second image below leave it at [All Unassigned] for automatic configuration, or select an IP address from that drop-down menu for advanced users.

For testing it was changed to the My Documents folder, which worked fine, and is a more convenient than a buried directory. Fetch 2. Windows XP users will be best suited by turning off the built-in firewall, advanced users will have to unblock the FTP Service program, unblock port 21 and figure out a way to unblock the high FTP port address range. Under Windows 7, the process is a little bit different. Start by opening the Control Panel, then click the Programs and Features element.

On the left pane, click the "Turn Windows features on or off" link. Look for the Internet Information Services dropdown, then expand it.

Click the FTP Server button. Click OK and let it do its thing. Click the Start menu. In the IP Address field, type the address that is desired, or click the little drop down arrow to select from the local list of internal IP addresses the example shows Early Macs won't support SSL authentication so leave that turned off for local networks, then click the Next button.

The last window shows the authentication preferences on a basic level. If it is desired to enable anonymous logins the username becomes anonymous and the password is usually just blank , then enable the checkbox, or tick the Basic button.

From there, in the Authorization area, choose the desired access capabilities for this example, Specified users was chosen and the user "glaze" was entered in the text field below. Then allow read or write capabilities with the appropiate checkboxes, then click the Finish button -- and the FTP server is active and ready to be used.

As Windows systems are typically or are supposed to be secured by Windows Defender or the built in firewall, the FTP server will have to be allowed to accept incoming connections.

To do this, head to the Control Panel, and click Windows Firewall. Look to the left pane, then click the Advanced settings link. In the new window that opens up, look once again to the left pane, and click Inbound Rules.

Scroll about a third of the way down until the FTP Server group comes into view. Enable the rule by activating it on the right Actions pane. Users with additional firewall, port blocking, antivirus and so on software may have additional steps to make. First select the name of the FTP "site" as was designated earlier, then stop the service with the Stop link on the right control pane.

Don't forget to re-enable any firewall or anti-virus settings if they were changed or disabled. Linux systems usually do not come with FTP servers built in.

From Ubuntu's Software Center for example, there are few FTP servers listed, but most of them are geared towards power users who think Terminalese. Other distros may have other options but the wide variety and highly dynamic nature of Linux requires that this section be rather short on details.

Power users will most likely know the best available option s for them, "the rest of us" are more or less regulated to the back seat in such departments. In the mean time, personal testing did not produce satisfactory results. Apparently there is a frontend GUI for wu-ftpd floating around somewhere. FileZilla Server is not in circulation for Linux. Note: The manual configuration is shown below for ease of connection establishment.

Any Internet access capabilities may be unavailable via this method, depending on how the manual configuration is set up. This is for direct Ethernet computer to computer connections without a router.

Once the Ethernet hardware has been established and configured, and the server software started, the final step is to start the client. There are a variety of client connection programs, so let's take a look at a few examples. This client is a very nice and capable client because it fits onto a KiB floppy disk compression required for a KiB disk , runs under System 6, is fairly reliable, has built-in encoding and decoding MacBinary,.

Once in awhile the BinHex 4. Turn it off in the Preferences dialog, under the Formats section if desired. Other clients include Transmit 1. Some may be found around the internet, or here.

Enter in the password. It is read only. The syntax is:. If the system requires a password, it will be prompted for: the example shows the case of either a blank none, or "null" in computer speak or a prompt style method. The "port" is only required if the port is non-standard, i.

The hard-boiled geeky method. OS X earlier than Anyways, open Terminal and if your host IP address is Basic elementary grade syntax: ftp [target IP address]. It is also possible to attach the username and password, along with the port, for faster entry or so that the password isn't typed in the blind, like this: ftp snowball:sbedXZF Port 21 is assumed by default. Use quotes for files with spaces or weird characters if supported!

Terminal file transfer on a remote server get Extracts a remote server file to the local client machine. See the previous line about quotes, if needed. If the file is corrupted in one method i. More info here. Usually the server will declare the transfer type at the beginning of the connection.

This is used if you are changing the location where the get command will deposit the file onto the local machine. An alternative is to cd into the desired directory beforehand, then invoke ftp. This lcd command is important if various files need to be PUTed on a remote machine but are located in different places on the local machine. To remedy this, note the location of the file and use lcd to change to the directory where it is stored, then use the put command to STOR the file.

See the image for an example. Tab key: Auto-completion key. Pretty useful, something DOS could have learned from May terminate the ftp session. Use the space bar to view the next page, the Return or Enter key to advance down one line, and use the q key to quit the man page mode when you're finished.

It is possible if an FTP server is active to browse the local machine by using the IP address of FTP commands were originally made to be really short, with most common functions using only three characters, like put. There are many other commands like mget which is for grabbing multiple files at once.

More examples can be found like this MAN page and another here latter with mostly emphasis on Windows machines. A client application is a better idea for sustained access, though.

One notable difference is that something like! Just type! It's a fairly universal, yet antiquated and thus slow, in fact slower than LocalTalk setup. Serial file transfer methods date back to the origin of computer communication protocols. The methods, interfaces, protocols, platforms and so forth have all morphed or transformed to varying degrees but the overall principle isn't that unique or different between methods.

This section may get a little technical but we'll do our best to make it understandable by "the common man". As far as the PC world goes, not all newer machines, especially laptops, have RS ports. No regular Macintosh has a RS serial port although accessory cards could count, like this one aside from Xserves. Thusly, an adapter is a first level requirement. If this adapter is in your toolbox, then all that is required is the driver for the USB machine and a mini-DIN-8 cable they are cross-over by default; watch out for old ImageWriter cables though, some of them are said to be straight through or missing the RxD line.

These are still around in various places, oddly enough. This section will be applicable to the Keyspan adapter, but the RS adapter is more flexible to other applications involving other computers, accessories, or electronic hardware. Two more prospective links of interest are these: one , and two Lisa linking. There are two nominal interface elements to this section, the first being probably the better of the two, that is, RS The Keyspan adapter then warrants its own section.

There are two principle kinds of RS cables: the first is a standard straight cable, where Pin 1 on one end leads to Pin 1 on the opposing end, Pin 2 to Pin 2 and so on. A basic description of the pin functions can be found here. Because we'll be making our own adapter cable, it is best done with a straight RS cable. Microsoft has compiled a useful KB article which also describes 4-bit parallel direct connection cables.

DB25 serial ports will need to be wired up differently than DE9 serial ports because they have completely different pinouts. Next cut the cable to the desired length, leaving two male plugs separated. Remove the cable sheathing, about 20mm worth, leaving the inner wires exposed. Then, prepare the wires for soldering by stripping.

The next step is to plot out what wires go to what pin on the female plug with a digital multimeter, preferably with the continuity beep. The same process will have to be repeated for the RS cable as well. An alternative is to use a RS crimp connector box, which is an enclosed unit, but then a special crimping tool and DE-9 die is required.

A chart that maps the pins to the colors is a good first step; the next step is to connect the correct wires to the correct pins on to RS cable end use the colors to help match things up, such as red on the mini-DIN-8 end goes to green on the RS side, and so on: the colors can vary by cable manufacturer. The wires are configured like image to the right. Pins not listed are not connected. Sources 1 and 2 were used for the preceding image. This one also offers clues.

Verify that the proper wiring layout has been made with a DMM with the continuity beep function. Pro tip: Use a male-male gender changer to help test out the pins on the female DE9 end. A good idea is to slip a piece of heatshrink tubing onto the cabling beforehand, so that a solid seal is possible use a larger size than you might first think, because of the bulge near the junction.

Solder the junctions for optimum reliability, isolate them from each other with good electrical tape or liquid electrical sealant.

Use foil or better, aluminum tape around the junction to prevent EMF interference. They can be hard to find though. Make certain that they are wired up correctly. This device warrants additional mention because for some reason it is a bit more popular than it probably should be. First, LocalTalk will not work on this device. Secondly, if the drivers for OS X are installed, it won't work under Classic Emulation mode, neither is it compatible with virtual machines like VirtualPC.

Other locales or regions may differ slightly. The details are somewhat vague. Despite the illustration on the splash screen for the installer, running both serial ports at the same time may result in packet losses: in our test case, HyperTerminal on a Compaq E got tricked into Minitel mode and a file transfer through ZTerm 1.

In case you're wondering it's not possible to have one computer "talk" to another from, say, Port 1 through to Port 2 without going through a host machine.

In Mac OS 9, the unit works fine enough. Windows, on the other hand, simply lacks official driver support, although there is a webpage found with an easy Google search which claims to have drivers -- although it does look a little bit suspicious. In regards to Mac OS 8. As for preference, it's not that hard to rig up a RS adapter cable if you have something like a Newton or eMate. Also mini-DIN-8 cables have thinner pins than the ones used on DE-9 type ports and are prone to breakage, although it's probably advantageous that the cable be damaged rather than the native RS port on a PC box: but if that is a concern, then a slimline male to female adapter can always be used.

Still, the Keyspan adapter has its place, if only a niche. The test FTDI-based adapter was already supported in the Ubuntu Debian systems should be fine as well system so no drivers were required to be installed; PL based units should be prebuilt into 2. Mac OS X and Windows systems will most likely need to install the drivers separately. HyperTerminal is a decent terminal application that is offered in Windows 95 all the way up to Windows XP.

It is not included in Vista on up but it is available as a separate program ; or download HyperTerminal 6.

There is a way to copy the program and relevant data files to a newer system. Although ZTerm 0. Which brings us neatly to the alternative for OS X -- installing lrzsz from source code and using it from the command line. But first the OS X port of the source code must be installed -- this requires Fink or MacPorts to be installed in the first place, and those porting applications only work for For just a couple of file transfers, putting up with ZTerm 1.

Linux programs are limited, but are out there. For a Debian-based distro, the first task is to install lrzsz by using sudo apt-get install lrzsz , then run sudo apt-get install minicom to install a basic terminal-only shell program. A GUI alternative is cutecom, which is started from the command-line by simply typing in a case of Ubuntu cutecom , and it is also installed by running sudo apt-get install cutecom. For some obscure reason this program lacks the ability to receive files.

Since file transfers via this method are under either Binary or ASCII, using an encoder like BinHex, uuencode or something in that class is a solid idea. See the section here for more information on this subject. In Mac OS X, inserting a serial adapter can generate a prompt dialog which basically asks if you'd like to set it up as a network interface, so it can be counted as a connection interface to the Internet, like as shown.

The first thing to note about this particular method is that it is very much old-fashioned Zeroconf? What is that? Oh well. Both computers involved must have the serial communications parameters set to identical settings. Here is a general list of the critical parameters:.

If you're confused by "cps" versus "bps", "cps" refers to characters per second and "bps" means bits per second. ASCII character sets specify one character per byte 8 bits.

Add any start, stop, or parity bits, and you're looking at 9 or 10 bits per character, so cps is roughly bps. Baud versus bps are commonly misunderstood concepts: try reading this article , or a different one.

As far as top speed goes, Macs with processors should have no problem with bps or even bps if AppleTalk is turned off and no other programs are in the background. As mentioned earlier, both systems must be set identically or it will not work.

The bitrates, data bits, parity bits, stop bits and flow control are the critical parameters for initial linking. Try typing random keys on one computer's keyboard and look at the terminal screen of the other: if one types h on one end and gets something like J c on the other they are supposed to match up , then either the wires are configured incorrectly or the terminals are set up wrong.

Older Macs with both Printer and Modem ports should use the Modem port, although the Printer port can be used also. In the latter case AppleTalk will have to be turned off or set to another interface, else the port will not be permitted to open. Turning off AppleTalk in the same fashion should also enable the serial port and CPU to handle a higher bitrate.

The only practical use of this method for our purposes here is to send a BinHex 4. Although you can send a BinHex 4. Once Computer A has finished uploading the text file, Computer B will need to save the result to a plain text file: but before we go any farther, here are the critical settings to permit the proper use of this feature may not apply to users doing stuff such as pulling up a Lynx client using ZTerm.

This then prompts for a filename which is saved in the user's download directory by default, it's called minicom. Now for a special mention about BinHex files.

Although there are a number of programs that can do it, it doesn't mean that they'll do it properly. The second case is tolerable but the first one can be decidedly unpleasant, because what happens is the terminal goes from column 1 to column 80, gets the carriage return, which pushes the cursor back to column 1, line 1 and then overwrites the line of text with new text instead of advancing to line 2, then line 3, 4 and so on.

ZTerm sends text files with no changes, but MacTerminal 3. The easiest way of dealing with this issue is to open the BinHex file in an advanced text editor. Save the file and it's ready to be shuffled over the serial line. Also, the BinHex 4. Terminals use the former to work properly. Don't rely on HyperTerminal's linefeed because it won't work right for this case: also sending BinHex files via XModem is a real good way to make things go haywire because Esc and control sequences get tossed around.

So in review, first hook the units up with a null modem cable, fire up the terminal program on each end, set the bitrate, the data bits, the stop bits, the parity bits, the flow control, choose the protocol in question, and then it's off to the high road. Let's have a look at how each terminal program does this. Then the terminal emulator will ask to create a new connection.

Pick a name, an icon doesn't matter, then press OK. Then click OK to move on to the final settings dialog: set the bits per second, leave the data bits at 8, the parity at None, the stop bits at 1, and set the flow control.

Finally click Ok to dismiss the prompt, then either click the little phone icon third from the left, just to the right of the Open button or from the Call menu, choose Call.

The connection is now active on this side. In most cases the program will "call" automatically after the Ok button is pressed, but should these parameters need to be readjusted, you must first hang up, then go to the File menu, and choose Properties. When the configuration is done then Call must be executed once again. Assuming the other side has been set up likewise, pressing random keys like f z k y p should show up on the other computer's terminal screen. Instant messaging? To send a file to the other computer, either click the Send button or choose "Send file But first make sure the other computer is ready to receive it by putting it in Receive mode -- don't rely on it to automatically put itself into Receive mode.

The default method to send the file is ZModem with Crash Recovery and is fine as long as the client is using ZModem too. If not, then use XModem. To receive a file, choose "Receive file If an error is returned indicating that the port cannot be opened, then either crank down the speed, make sure the correct COM port is selected, try disabling and re-enabling the COM port in the Device Manager, or make sure it's not in use by something else COM ports cannot be shared by multiple programs at once in this case.

Download the program for the platforms desired ZTerm 0. Both OS X and the "classic" versions are identical in setup. ZTerm may be unstable in System versions earlier than 4.

Some Internet digging produced nothing concerning this error: a workaround is to go into Modem Preferences and change the serial port from Modem, to Printer, then back to Modem. This may not work so well if only one serial port is available: another workaround was found by simply opening Aladdin SITcomm MacTerminal 3.

It could also be because it expects the other side to be active first, so set up the other computer first and get it active. Start the program up and look to the Settings menu, then the "Connection Set the data rate, then the data bits to 8, parity to None, the stop bits should already be 1, and the flow control as appropiate, then click OK.

Local Echo just mirrors the key input onto the local terminal, as the remote would see it. Go back to the Settings menu and choose "Modem Preferences The Communications Toolbox in System 6 is not needed for this program to operate correctly, and reports have indicated serious drag from using the Toolbox.

Apple says the Communications Toolbox is built into System 7. The last dialog box that might need adjustment is the "Transfer Options", set both the Send and Receive methods to ZModem, or as needed. Here, though, we will change to the command's parent directory and run it from there by using the following:. Once at this directory, you can run various options in the command line to look up information and make changes to the Wi-Fi connection:.

You can use both the output from the airport command and the networksetup utility to adjust properties such as connecting to a new Wi-Fi network.

Have a fix? Post them below or e-mail us! Be respectful, keep it civil and stay on topic. The fourth generation of mobile telecommunication technology 4G is based on packet switching only. Due to the limited supply of IPv4 addresses, IPv6 support is required in order for 4G deployment to be scalable. Service providers incur additional operational and administrative costs by continuing to support the legacy IPv4 network while the industry continues migrating to IPv6.

Although this solution worked temporarily, it proved costly and fragile. This is a costly endeavor. Ideally, providers want to drop support for the IPv4 network. However, doing so prevents clients from accessing IPv4 servers, which represent a significant portion of the Internet.

This is an IPv6-only network that continues to provide access to IPv4 content through translation. In this regard, the client always receives an IPv6-ready address.

See Figure When the client sends a request to a server, any IPv6 packets destined for synthesized addresses are automatically routed by the network through a NAT64 gateway.

The gateway performs the IPv6-to-IPv4 address and protocol translation for the request. It also performs the IPv4 to IPv6 translation for the response from the server. The good news is that the majority of apps are already IPv6-compatible. Several situations can prevent an app from supporting IPv6. The sections that follow describe how to resolve these problems.

IP address literals embedded in protocols. IP address literals embedded in configuration files. Configuration files often include IP address literals. Network preflighting. Many apps attempt to proactively check for an Internet connection or an active Wi-Fi connection by passing IP address literals to network reachability APIs.

See Connect Without Preflight. Using low-level networking APIs. Using small address family storage containers.

In most cases, the high-level frameworks are sufficient.